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中国民间工艺美术造型浅析
A Brief Introduction to the Models in Chinese Folk Arts and Crafts
一、民间工艺美术造型溯源Tracking Back to the Source of Folk Arts and Crafts
原始美术是劳动人民在生产、生活中创造的美术形式。原始美术真挚淳朴，注重情感表达。绝假纯真，尤似童心，以最初一念之本心进行创作。民间工艺美术是直接脱胎于原始美术的艺术样式。惟有它，至今依然保留着原始美术“真挚与淳朴”的特色。The primeval art is the artistic form that was created by laboring people when they work and live. It is sincere and simple, focusing on the expression of love and emotions. It is also pure and childlike innocent, which was created with the original idea. The folk arts and crafts directly emerged from the womb of primeval art’s artistic styles, which is the only art that still keep the “sincere and simple” features of the primeval art.
1、民间工艺美术源于原始宗教与图腾崇拜Folk Arts and Crafts Originated from Religion and Totem Worship
在人类童年时期，原始宗教与原始文化混沌一体。原始美术初始，宗教是其直接的动因。原始美术是在原始宗教的母腹在孕育、诞生的。The primeval art and the primeval culture were mixed together when human beings just appeared on the earth. Religion was the direct driving force of primeval art when it is just created. The primeval art was emerged from the womb of primeval religion.
*安顺傩戏面具Masks in Anshun Nuo Show
*岩画Rock painting 剪纸Scissor-cut
*彩陶Painted pottery 剪纸Scissor-cut
*剪纸Scissor-cut
2、民间工艺美术源于原始神话与传说Folk Arts and Crafts Originated from Primeval Fairy
Tales and Legends
神话与传说产生于远古时代。包含着原始人的信仰、哲学、审美等多种意识因素。民间工艺美术创造中许多神奇美妙的题材，怪诞可爱的形象，与原始神话有着极密切的渊源关系。Fairy tales and legends were created in the remote antiquity, which have a number of awareness factors of primeval people, such as, believe, philosophy, aesthetic conception, etc. There are a lot of magical and wonderful topics, as well as many fantastic and lovely looks in the creations of folk arts and crafts, all of which are very closely related with primeval fairy tales in the sense of their origins.
*蜡染Wax printing ——神话故事Fairy tales
*苗绣The Miaos’ Embroidery ——神话故事Fairy tales
*泥塑Clay Sculpture ——兔爷A clay figurine with the head of a rabbit, 兔王The rabbit king
*河南淮阳泥泥狗Henan Huaiyang Clay Dog
*剪纸猪八戒背媳妇Scissor-cutting “Pigsy carrying his wife”
*织锦老鼠嫁女Brocade “Mice get married”
二、民间工艺美术造型形态是原始美术造型的延续The Model Formations of Folk Arts and
Crafts are the Extension of Primeval Art Models
原始人类的物质生活和精神生活经常交织，原始美术的特征表现为实用功能和审美功能的相互融合。造型亦相应的出现多种形态。民间工艺美术延续原始美术的造型形态，可归纳为以下四类：The material lives and the spiritual lives of primeval people are mingled, and the obvious features of primeval art are the fusion between its practical functions and aesthetic conception functions. Also, there are also many forms arose. The folk arts and crafts extend the forms of primeval art, and they can be categorized into the following four types.
1、影象形Portrait ——多见于岩画和彩陶。平涂剪影手法，略去细节，只注意外形。
Often seen on rock painting and painted pottery. Sketch method, ignoring details, only
paying attention to the appearance.
*彩陶盆与剪纸Painted Pottery Pot
2、抽象形Abstract ——原始彩陶的“几何纹样”或以色块对比，或以线条组织，相互补充。Primeval painted potteries’ “geometrical grain patterns”, some are contrasted with color pieces, some are weaved with lines, complementary with each other.
*彩陶纹与土家织锦纹样Painted Pottery Grain and the Tus’ Brocade Grain Patterns
*土家织锦纹样The Tus’ Brocade Grain Patterns
3、夸张形Exaggerating ——多见于新石器时代雕塑，以夸张手法强化被表现对象，效果强烈。Often seen on the sculptures of Neolithic, objects are highly expressed with the exaggerating method, the results are strong.
*剪纸Scissor-cut 泥泥狗Clay Dog
*布艺Embroidery ——绣龙Embroidered Dragon
*皮影Leather Silhouette
4、复合形Composite ——由两个以上物象组合而成，马家窑与仰韶文化最为多见。Compsed of more than two objects, often seen in the Majiayao and Yangshao culture.
*半坡“人面鱼纹”与现代“人面鱼”Banpo “Basin painted with the design of human face and fish” and contemporary “Human Face Fish”
*马家窑“人形蛙纹”陶罐Majiayao “Human-frog grain” pottery
瑶族挑花“老虎”The Yaos’ cross-stitched “Tiger”
剪纸Scissor-cut
三、民俗事象与民间工艺美术造型Folk Custom and Folk Arts and Crafts Models
民间工艺美术是民俗现象的反映。人们祈求丰收、祈望平安，渴望幸福，由是祭祀活动、婚丧嫁娶、游艺娱乐等民俗现象不断发展，民间工艺美术造型也逐渐丰富。吉祥题材是民间工艺美术造型的主体。明清以来民间工艺美术形成“凡图必有意，有意必吉祥”。吉祥造型可分为如下几类：The folk arts and crafts are the reflections of folk custom. People pray for bumper harvest, safety, eager for happiness. As the folk custom activities of offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors, marriages, recreation develop, the folk arts and crafts forms have also been increased. Lucky is the main body of folk arts and crafts forms. Since the Ming period and Qing period, the formation of folk arts and crafts is “Any painting has a meaning, any meaning has the lucky theme”. And the lucky forms can be categorized into the following types.
（1）、驱灾辟邪类：Disaster- exorcising: 民间年画里的“门神”最具代表性。*吞
口The most common one is the gate God in folk Chinese new year’s paintings. Tunkou Mask *皮影Leather Silhouette ——门神Gate God
*木版年画Chinese New Year’s Woodcut ——门神Gate God
（2）、纳福迎祥类：Enjoy a life of ease and comfort and Lucky-receiving: 每逢年节，营造吉利与喜庆的氛围在民间非常重要。For every Chinese new year, it create lucky and happy environment, which is very important for folk.
*灯彩Colored-lantern Making ——观音坐莲Guanyin sitting on the lotus
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——蛇盘兔A rabbit with a snake
*刺绣Embroidery ——大吉大利Good luck and great prosperity
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——吉庆有余Auspicious happiness in overmeasure
（3）、祝寿庆贺类：Birthday-congratulating and Celebrating: 每逢喜事、寿诞时人们用于表达礼节。木版年画、刺绣为多见。For every happy event and elderly’s birthday, people use them for courtesy expressing. The most often seen ones are new year’s woodcut and embroidery.
*花鸟字Flower-and-bird words ——福、寿Good Fortune, Long Life
*泥塑Clay Sculpture ——马上封侯Monkey on a horse
*木版年画Chinese New Year’s Woodcut ——和合二仙、招财进宝The hehe Gods, Let riches and treasures come into the house
四、民俗心态与民间工艺美术造型Folk Custom Psychology and Folk Art Models
民间工艺美术的各种样式产生于各种民俗事象。从中必然反映出一种独特的民俗内涵和审美意识。艺术是人生最准确的表象，民间工艺美术反映了民间艺人纯真的人生观。The forms of folk arts and crafts originated from folk events. They reflect special folk custom culture and aesthetic conception. Art the most accurate expression of lives, and folk arts and crafts reflect the pure life value of folk artists.
1、生存与繁衍：是民间工艺美术的永恒繁衍主题。Surviving and Multiplying: is the constant multiplying theme of folk arts and crafts.
（1）、求生：反映对生殖的渴求——求生息。Eager to survive: reflect the eager for multiplying ——reflect the eager to reproduction.
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——生命树The life tree
*年画Chinese New Year’s Painting ——麒麟送子Kylin carrying a son
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——扣碗Two bowls covering each other
*刺绣Embroidery ——莲花生子Sons on the lotus
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——麒麟送子Kylin carrying a son
（2）、护生：祈求儿童平安，健康成长——求保佑生灵。Life-protecting: praying for children’s safety, and healthy growing up.
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——抓髻娃娃The Zhuaji Baby
*石雕Stone carving ——拴娃石猴A monkey carrying a baby 石狮Stone lion
*布艺Embroidery ——虎头帽The tiger head hat
*布艺Embroidery ——老虎A tiger
*布艺Embroidery ——五毒兜肚The five poisonous creatures underwear
*布艺Embroidery ——儿童布兜Children’s embroidery pocket
2、情与美：Love and Beauty: 是民间工艺美术的灵魂。Is the soul of folk arts and crafts
罗丹：艺术就是感情。Augeuste Rodin: Art is love.
民间美术是情与美的高度融合。Folk art is the great combination of love and beauty.
表达母爱作品Works that express maternal love ——渗透母亲无微不至的关爱Deeply show mother’s meticulous love and care
*布艺Embroidery ——耳枕Pillow for baby
*布艺Embroidery ——肚兜An undergarment protecting the abdomen
*布艺Embroidery ——麒麟送子肚兜Kylin carrying a son with an undergarment protecting the abdomen
*布艺Embroidery ——围嘴Bib
*布艺Embroidery ——带尾巴虎头鞋Tiger head shoes with tails
*表达爱情作品Love-expressing work ——真情传达美好心声Real love passing on beautiful heartfelt wishes
*刺绣Embroidery ——枕顶The both sides of a pillow
*刺绣Embroidery ——荷包A pouch
*布艺Embroidery ——螃蟹香包A crab bag
3、乐观与繁荣：Optimistic and Prosperous: 是民间工艺美术的基本精神。Is the fundamental
essence of folk arts and crafts.
处世哲学：Philosophy of life: 知足长乐、安贫乐道。Contentment brings happiness, be content with poverty, caring only for one"s principles or the way.
理想：人丁兴旺、五谷丰登。The ideal: have a growing family, an abundant harvest of all food crops.
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——农耕Land tilling
*泥塑Clay Sculpture ——回娘家A wife going back to her parents’ home
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——拉家常Talking about the daily life of families
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——纺织Spinning and weaving
*剪纸Scissor-cut ——娱乐Recreations
五、民间艺人工作场景The Work Scenes of Folk Artists
*民间制陶艺人Folk Artist Making Pottery
*剪花娘子库淑兰Scissor-cutting flower lady Ku Shulan
*九十三岁老艺人A ninety-three-year old senior artist
*打制银器Making silver objects
*制作年画Making the Chinese New Year’s Painting
*织锦Brocade
*制作面花Making a flour flower
*制作皮影Making the Leather silhouette
六、民间工艺美术作品欣赏Some Works of Folk Arts and Crafts for your Appreciation
陕西剪纸Shanxi scissor-cut
无锡泥塑Wuxi clay sculpture
凤翔泥塑Fengxiang clay sculpture
泥人张Clay figurine Zhang
淮阳泥泥狗Huaiyang Clay Dog
西游记人物People in the “Journey to the West” 皮影Leather Silhouette
风筝A kite
苗族服饰The Miaos’ dress
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