概要写作答题技巧指导 概要写作是一种“阅读+写作”的复合型任务,测试学生的阅读理解、概括归纳和书面表达方面的综合能力。选材上，提供一篇 350 词以内的短文，一般以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主，要求考生写出一篇 60 词左右的内容概要（注意：少于 40 或多于80 词扣两分），而新写的语篇，既要做到在结构、衔接和连贯性等方面与原文保持一致，又要做到简明扼要、意义完整、结构严密和语句通顺。
一．概要写作的步骤 ：
（一）细读每段文章，画主题句，圈关键词，辨别主次信息 在阅读原文时，首先找到该段的主题句或中心句，并圈出重点信息词汇，分清主要信息和次要信息，把修饰成分、细节内容、举例说明等次要信息删掉。
（二）用自己的语言，写出该段要点 概要写作要求学生用自己的语言准确地转述作者的要点，因此，不要整句抄原文，可以采用以下表达方式：
1.替换法：同义词替换；单词替换短语；短语替换句子等 2.转换法：词性转换；句式转换；语态转换等 3.合并法：把几个信息合并在一个句子中表达；将原文多个简单句整合成一个句子等 （三）选用恰当的衔接词，把每段要点串连成篇 概要写作要求学生有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要逻辑连贯，衔接自然，结构紧凑。常用的衔接词有：
表递进关系 besides,
moreover,
furthermore , in addition,
what’s more,
what’s worse, worse still 表因果关系 therefore,
thus , consequently, due to， owing to， thanks to 表转折关系 however, otherwise, anyway/ anyhow, although，even though
表对比关系 similarly,
instead,
on the contrary,
on the other hand 表时间顺序关系 eventually,
finally, gradually , immediately ，afterwards, meanwhile/ meantime,
in the meanwhile/meantime 表总结关系 in a word,
in short,
in conclusion,
in brief,
in summary,
in general,
to sum up,
on the whole 表情感关系 luckily, unfortunately, to one’s great joy/satisfaction/surprise
二．概要写作的注意事项 ：
（一）准确性：对原文信息理解准确，不能乱写
（二）完整性 ：概要是原文的浓缩，涵盖全部要点，不能遗漏 （三）概括性 ：语言精练，概括要点，不能超字数 （四）客观性：忠于原文，不能加自己的观点（以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括）
三．概要写作解题技巧展示: 试题来源:(新高考考试说明样题) Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家),encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者)position is gaining some ground. 【解题过程展示】
（一）细读每段文章，画主题句，圈关键词，辨别主次信息。
（二）用自己的语言，列出该段要点。
第一段 主题句 there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 关键词汇 fixed 确定的;不变的 替换部分 “nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt” 可换为“mixed opinions towards dirt” 该段要点 合并整理要点为：
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.
第二段 主题句 1. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, 2.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. 关键词汇 means (手段;方法), block out (挡住); a long time; in Europe
替换部分 1. ”dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease”可换为“dirt protected people from getting ill” 2. “Thus began a long time”可换为”For a long time in history” 该段要点 合并整理要点为：
For a long time in history, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill
第三段 主题句 1. Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. 2. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. 关键词汇
no longer been regarded as； cleaning away dirt 替换部分 1. “dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor”可换为“people began to change their attitudes to dirt ” 2. “ever since the 18th century”可换为“about 200 years ago” 3. “cleaning away dirt is good to health”可换为“washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy” 该段要点 合并整理要点为：
People began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. It’s believed that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy”
第四段 主题句 On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家),encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. 关键词汇 encourages ; build up a strong immune system
替换部分 1. “play in the dirt “可换为“exposure to some dirt” 2. “build up a strong immune system”可换为“benefit our immune system” 该段要点 合并整理要点为：
some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may benefit our immune system.
（三）选用恰当的衔接词，把每段要点串连成篇 One possible version: People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1) For a long time in history, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点 2) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. It’s believed that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may benefit our immune system.(要点 4) (73 词）
附：概要写作题型的评分原则 1.本题总分为 25 分，按 5 个档次给分。
档次 描述 第五档 (21~25) 1.理解准确,涵盖全部要点 2.能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇 3.有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑 4.完全使用自己的语言 第四档 (16~20) 1.理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点 2.所使用的语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但完全不影响意义表达 3.比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要结构紧凑 4.有个别整句抄自原文 第三档 (11~15) 1.理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点 2.所使用的语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达 3.应用简单的语句间的连接成分,使上下文内容连贯 4.出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象 第二档 (6~10) 1.理解有误差,仅涵盖半数要点 2.有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响意义表达 3.较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性 4.出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象 第一档 (1~5) 1.没有理解原文，造成概要内容和原文主题不符 2.有多出语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响意义表达 3.缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯性 4.多个句子抄自原文
2.评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3.词数少于 40 和多于 80 的，从总分中减去 2 分。
4.评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑: (1 )对原文要点的理解和呈现情况; (2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性; (3)上下文的连贯性; (4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6.如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。