Passage 1 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Host family accommodation, or living with host families, remains popular among language travel students for its unique advantages.These days, host families are trying to offer more in terms of quality, for they have something to worry about. Host family accommodation is often seen as the number－one choice for its advantages in language study, cultural communication and the cost of living.Staying alongside host families enables students to get enough practice for the time of their studying so that they can learn the local language very quickly.You don’t know a lot of words and their real meanings until you use them with local people.Living in host families also has the advantage for students of being able to spend a lot of time communicating with their “ host parents”， and get to know the local way of life, people and culture.Another advantage is that host family accommodation can sometimes be the least expensive.It attracts students，for it ensures them a family of living at a low cost. The advantages，however，have not prevented host families from worrying.On the one hand，some host families are losing their unique selling point.The problem is that the majority of hosts in big cities，now generally single and young，have less time available for students，but the selling point for host family accommodation is communication practice.On the other hand，students’ expectations have risen.They are becoming more demanding and asking for more than ever from their accommodation，as they come mainly from high socio－economic groups in their own countries. To get out of the difficult situation, host families are now making efforts to improve the quality of service.They are trying to make living conditions better, including broadband Internet service, private bathrooms, and access to plenty of hot water for long showers.They are also providing to students with structured family activities.It is believed that host family accommodation will keep the popularity for language travel students. 【写作指导】
Paragraph 1：寄宿家庭住宿因其独特的优势在留学生中很受欢迎，
但是一些事情开始令寄宿家庭感到担忧。
Paragraph 2：寄宿家庭住宿的优势体现在以下三个方面：语言学习、文化交流及相对较低的生活成本。
Paragraph 3：寄宿家庭住宿的优势并不能减少寄宿家庭的担忧，如寄宿家庭的主人不能花更多的时间陪学生。另外，学生的期待也在增加。
Paragraph 4：为改变现状，寄宿家庭在努力提高服务质量，如改善家庭设施以及给学生提供精心组织的活动。
【参考范文】
Host family accommodation attracts language travel students, but host families have something to worry about.(要点 1) Host family accommodation enables students to have practice in language with locals, experience the local culture and enjoy a relatively lower living expense.(要点2)
Nevertheless, it’s gradually losing its appeal because the host family cannot make enough time for the communication and the students have a higher demand for service.(要点 3)To change the current situation, host families are striving to promote their service to retain the students.(要点 4) Passage 2 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Shyness is partly a result of genes a person has inherited (经遗传得到)．It’s also influenced by behaviors they’ve learned, the ways people have reacted to their shyness, and life experiences they’ve had.The examples other people set can also play a role in whether a person learns to be shy or not.If the parents of a shy child are overly cautious or overprotective, it can teach the child to back away from situations that might be uncomfortable or unfamiliar. Many people want to reduce their shyness.But people who are naturally shy also have gifts that they might not appreciate in themselves.For example, because shy people may prefer listening to talking, they sometimes become really good listeners.People who are shy might also become sensitive to other people’s feelings and emotions.Because of their sensitivity and listening skills，many people with a shy personality are especially caring toward others，and interested in how others feel.People often consider them the finest friends.
Overcoming shyness takes practice.People who are shy tend to give themselves fewer chances to practice social behaviors.It’s no wonder that people who shy away from socializing don’t feel as socially confident as people who are outgoing—they have less practice！The more you practice social behaviors，the easier they get，and the more natural they feel for you. Take slow, steady steps forward.Going slow is OK.But be sure to go forward.Stepping back from any situations that might trigger you to feel shy can reinforce shyness and keep it at a level that’s hard to get past.Build confidence by taking one small forward step at a time.Also, it’s OK to feel awkward.Everyone does sometimes.People who are shy are often afraid to feel awkward or uncomfortable.But don’t let that keep you from doing what you want.You might feel awkward asking your friends for help.That’s perfectly natural.Whether your friend says “yes” or “no” is out of your control.But not asking at all means you’ll never get the help.So go for it anyway! 【写作指导】
Paragraph 1：害羞的部分原因在于遗传，同时也受许多外部因素的影响。
Paragraph 2：许多人想要克服害羞，但是那些天生就害羞的人却有自己都未必知道的天赋——善于倾听。
Paragraph 3：克服害羞需要实践。
Paragraph 4：要慢慢地并稳步前进，碰到让自己害羞的情况便畏缩不前更会加剧害羞。要通过每次进步一点点来培养自信心。
【参考范文】
Shyness has something to do with genes, behaviors and the ways people deal with it and so on.(要点 1)Some people seek to get rid of it, while in fact it can also motivate such gifts as good listening and understanding in people.(要点 2) However, overcoming shyness takes time and much practice.(要点 3)So take slow, steady steps forward and build confidence step by step.(要点 4) Passage 3 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Human beings are smart.However, it seems that people are gradually losing their
smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct.22.As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website. The first skill many people have lost is remembering phone numbers.Because phone numbers are stored in smartphone contacts, there is no need to dial a number or look at it again.And people may also have lost their sense of direction because navigation apps can guide people anywhere they want to go.These apps can even find shortest routes for you and avoid traffic jams.But the worst lost skills may be social ones，meaning that some people are becoming socially inept(无能的)．People often bury themselves in their smart－phones.As we are too addicted to what’s happening in the virtual world，some of us have lost conversational skills and sometimes can’t even tell whether a person is happy
or not. In August，researchers at the University of California，Los Angeles，studied 51 students aged 11 and 12 who had over five hours’ screen time every day.Their task was to tell the emotions of 48 pictures of faces that were happy，sad，angry，or scared.The children made an average of 14.02 mistakes at the beginning.But after a five－day camp without electronic devices(设备), they made only 9.41 mistakes on average.“ If you’re not practicing face－to－face communication, you could be losing important social skills，” concluded professor Yalda Uhls from the research. Luckily, people still have a chance to get these abilities back.You should try to keep your parents’ number in mind for emergencies.You should also pay more attention to street signs and stores, which will help you to draw a mind map and prevent you from getting lost.And the easiest solution to social skill loss is to take a break from electronic devices because we are social creatures.We need device－free time. 【写作指导】
Paragraph 1：随着智能机的发展，人们越来越依赖于智能机，从而失去了三项基本技能。
Paragraph 2：介绍了三种人们失去的基本技能——记电话号码、方向感和社交能力。
Paragraph 3：一项关于社交能力的实验表明——如果人们不进行面对面的交流，他们将失去重要的社交能力。
Paragraph 4：如何重新获得这三种技能。
【参考范文】
With smartphones becoming increasingly important in people’s lives, human beings are gradually losing three basic abilities (要点 1)．The abilities include remembering phone numbers, the sense of directions and the social skills.(要点 2)A research on students confirms that lacking face－to－face communication results in the loss of important social skills.(要点 3) Luckily, people can regain these abilities with some effective solutions like keeping a certain distance from electronic devices.(要点 4) Passage 4 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
The production of coffee beans is huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, full－sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade－grown production to full－sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals, and even disturbs the world’s ecological balance. On a local level, the damage to the forests required by full－sun fields affects the area’s animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种) that depend on the trees’ flowers and fruits.Full－sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result, many species are quickly dying out. On a more global level，the destruction of the rainforest for full－sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests’ plant and animal life，and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition，new coffee－growing techniques are poisoning the water locally，and eventually the world’s groundwater. Both locally and globally ， the continued spread of full － sun coffee plantations(种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world’s climate, and studies show
that the loss of oxygen－giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic soil conditions. It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade－grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. 【写作指导】
Paragraph 1：全日照咖啡豆生产模式正在兴起，但是它对动植物及整个生态系统造成了破坏。
Paragraph 2：全日照咖啡豆生产模式破坏了当地的森林，对当地物种产生了影响。
Paragraph 3：全日照咖啡豆生产模式对全球人类的生活造成了威胁。
Paragraph 4：全日照咖啡豆生产模式对整个热带雨林的生态系统造成了破坏，并导致了气候变化、空气污染、全球气候变暖以及酸性土壤的形成。
Paragraph 5：消费者应作出正确的选择，购买在阴暗处生长的咖啡豆，尽管价格可能更贵。
【参考范文】
Full－sun production of coffee beans has caused damage to some species, even the ecology.(要点 1) First, it destroys the habitats of local species, and even causes their extinction.(要点 2) Moreover，with water poisoned and fewer species for medical research, people’s life is severely affected.(要点 3) The destruction of the rain forest ecology seems inevitable, accompanied by air pollution and global warming and so on.(要点 4) Therefore, consumers are advised to buy shade－grown coffee though it’s more expensive.(要点 5) Passage 5 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
In places like California, the Rocky Mountains, and the Southern United States, wildfires are an unavoidable reality. Wildfires can cause damage to property and human life, but they have many beneficial effects on native vegetation (植被), animals, and ecosystems that have evolved with fires.The forests, including pine barrens, lodgepole pine forests and
many more, require fires to reproduce because the trees in the forest are adapted to only produce seeds following a major fire event.Therefore, without them many of these forest types would decline. A fire renews the watershed (集水区) in ways including, but not limited to, recycling of nutrients, increasing food sources for fish in streams，supplement to stream－side vegetation，spread of fire－adapted plants，etc.not to mention renewal of the soil chemistry which is vital to the forest and the watershed.The basis is that of someone who has studied wildfires and streams since the 1988 Yellowstone wildfires.The science backs up how natural wildfires can be favorable through research publication after publication. It’s like“resetting the clock”on the ecosystem，allowing the forest to function smoothly all over again for another 200 years.By the way, a stand burning fire such as the Yellowstone fires of 1988 also results in the landscape of younger forest mends which act to reduce the spread of future wildfires and can stop a major wildfire in its tracks. The bottom line is that we may need today’s natural wildfires to prevent more serious catastrophic fire events in the future.That lesson was learned in Yellowstone in 1988 which was a year of disastrous large－scale fires after more than 50 years of fire suppression (压制)． 【写作指导】
Paragraph 1：在世界的某地区，森林野火不可避免。
Paragraph 2：尽管森林野火威胁着人类财产和生命，但同时也给当地的植被、动物以及生态系统带来很多好处。森林野火有助于森林类别保持多样性。
Paragraph 3：森林野火能从许多方面更新集水区。
Paragraph 4：森林野火还有利于生态系统保持长期正常运转，减少并会阻止将来大型野火的蔓延。
Paragraph 5：自然的森林野火可以预防灾难性火灾的发生。
【参考范文】
Despite the damage to human property and life, unavoidable wildfires bring various benefits.(要点 1)Firstly, they contribute to the diversity of forest types.(要点
2)Secondly, the watershed gets refreshed after a fire in many aspects.(要点 3) Meanwhile, smooth function of the ecosystem benefits from wildfires by means of decreasing and stopping future
wildfires.(要点4 )To avoid catastrophic fires, natural wildfires are necessary because strict control over wildfires may work destructively.(要点 5) Passage 6 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.For example, cars have made the air unhealthy for people to breathe and poisonous gas is given off by factories.Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers.Furthermore, wherever we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed(处理)． There are different kinds of pollutants, each of which comes from different sources.It is necessary to identify the source of pollution, in order to make a policy to get rid of them.Different products, processes and activities of our industrialized world together form the major source of pollution. The forms of pollution can be mainly divided into three kinds—solids，liquid and gas.These pollutants have greatly damaged our planet and continue to do so.In fact，pollution is threatening our existence.The whole ecological balance of the earth is changing.Massive destruction of environment has brought about negative effects and even posed a great threat to man’s existence. We must face the situation that exists and take action to solve our environmental problems.For instance, new laws must be passed to place strict control over industrial pollution; the public must receive the education about the danger of pollution and raise their awareness of protecting the environment and so on. The earth is our home and we have the duty to take care of it for ourselves and our later generations.Fortunately，more and more people have realized these problems.Measures have been taken to deal with these situations by the government.And laws have been passed to stop pollution, I hope the problems will be solved in the near future and our home will become better and better.
【写作指导】
Paragraph 1：全世界的环境问题正变得越来越严重，例如：人们无法呼吸到有益健康的空气，树木被砍伐，废水被倒进河流，以及垃圾被随意处理等。
Paragraph 2：不同种类的污染物来自不同的污染源。要想制定政策除去污染物，辨别出污染物的污染源是必要的。而与工业生产相关的活动是污染的主要来源。
Paragraph 3：污染物的形式主要有三类——固体、液体和气体，这些污染物已经严重破坏了我们的地球并会继续破坏下去。
Paragraph 4：我们必须正视现状并采取措施(如制定法律严控工业污染，使公众明白污染的危害，提高公众的环保意识等)来解决环境问题。
Paragraph 5：地球是我们的家园，我们都有责任去保护它。幸运的是，越来越多的人已意识到环境污染问题，相应的法律已出台，政府也已采取措施来解决这些问题。
【参考范文】
The global environment is becoming worse because of various pollutants related to the industrial world.(要点 1) In the forms of gas, solids and liquid, these pollutants are becoming a major threat to the earth and human survival.(要点 2)Therefore, we have to face it directly and spare no effort to handle it.(要点 3) Luckily, people have been aware of the urgency of environmental protection and the government has taken action to solve these problems, which surely will help make our earth better.(要点 4)非选择